According to him, its broad dissemination in more than 100,000 industrial plants worldwide suggests a field test of a cyber weapon in different security cultures, testing their preparedness, resilience, and reactions, all highly valuable information for a cyberwar unit. "[138] Iran uses P-1 centrifuges at Natanz, the design for which A. Q. Khan stole in 1976 and took to Pakistan. Iranian technicians, however, were able to quickly replace the centrifuges and the report concluded that uranium enrichment was likely only briefly disrupted.[111]. also all[improper synthesis?] replicate itself. The North Korean nuclear program shares many similarities with the Iranian, both having been developed with technology transferred by Pakistani nuclear scientist A.Q. Olli Heinonen, deputy director at the UN's nuclear. Stuxnet is a powerful computer worm designed by U.S. and Israeli intelligence that to disable a key part of the Iranian nuclear program. The malware is able to modify the code on PLC devices unnoticed, and subsequently to mask its presence from WinCC if the control software attempts to read an infected block of memory from the PLC system. A leading Japanese journalist recently made two incredible claims about the Fukushima power plant that suffered a nuclear meltdown in March 2011, sending shockwaves around the world. The classified program to develop the worm was given the code name "Operation Olympic Games"; it was begun under President George W. Bush and continued under President Obama. 14 . [172] Researchers named the program "Flame" after the name of one of its modules. [39] However, software security expert Bruce Schneier initially condemned the 2010 news coverage of Stuxnet as hype, stating that it was almost entirely based on speculation. [123], An analysis by the FAS demonstrates that Iran's enrichment capacity grew during 2010. So a tool like Stuxnet is Israel's obvious weapon of choice. As the story goes, the Stuxnet worm was designed and released by a government--the U.S. and Israel are the most common suspects--specifically to attack the Bushehr nuclear power plant in. [83] The program operates a specialized computer emergency response team called the Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team (ICS-CERT), conducts a biannual conference (ICSJWG), provides training, publishes recommended practices, and provides a self-assessment tool. "[154], In April 2011, Iranian government official Gholam Reza Jalali stated that an investigation had concluded that the United States and Israel were behind the Stuxnet attack. [66] Another German researcher and spokesman of the German-based Chaos Computer Club, Frank Rieger, was the first to speculate that Natanz was the target.[39]. On 28 December 2011, Kaspersky Lab's director of global research and analysis spoke to Reuters about recent research results showing that the platform Stuxnet and Duqu both originated in 2007, and is being referred to as Tilded due to the ~d at the beginning of the file names. the fact that the worm was identified by a Belarusian security firm working for an Iranian client and the fact that the nuclear power plant was not working properly for . The Stuxnet worm might be partly responsible for delays in Iran's nuclear programme, says a former UN nuclear inspections official. the Stuxnet attack penetrated Iran's air-gapped Natanz uranium enrichment . In fact, while Stuxnet grabbed a lot of headlines due to its dramatic capabilities and cloak-and-dagger origins, it was never much of a threat to anybody other than the Natanz facility that was its original target. Stuxnet showed the. "[179] Later commentators tended to focus on the strategic significance of Stuxnet as a cyber weapon. [135] According to The Telegraph, Israeli newspaper Haaretz reported that a video celebrating operational successes of Gabi Ashkenazi, retiring Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Chief of Staff, was shown at his retirement party and included references to Stuxnet, thus strengthening claims that Israel's security forces were responsible. Targeted at an air-gapped facility, it unexpectedly spread to outside computer systems, raising a number of questions about its design and purpose. [62] The equipment may be from the United States, which received P-1s from Libya's former nuclear program. The authors conclude: The attacks seem designed to force a change in the centrifuges rotor speed, first raising the speed and then lowering it, likely with the intention of inducing excessive vibrations or distortions that would destroy the centrifuge. It was a marksman's job. http://bit.ly/t2clubSUBSCRIBE - New Video Every Two . The basic premise that all of these documents share is that prevention requires a multi-layered approach, often termed defense in depth. "But then we realized what we had got ourselves intoprobably an international espionage operationand that was quite scary." [78] Siemens also advises immediately upgrading password access codes. One observation is that it may be harder to destroy centrifuges by use of cyber attacks than often believed. Iran plans to sue Israel through the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and is also willing to launch a retaliation attack if Israel does not desist.[166]. targeting by the Stuxnet computer virus of programmable logic controllers at the Fuel Enrichment Facility at Natanz in Iran in 2010. The country's defence ministry wants to develop weapons similar to Stuxnet, the software designed to attack Iranian nuclear enrichment plants. [34], Kaspersky Lab experts at first estimated that Stuxnet started spreading around March or April 2010,[44] but the first variant of the worm appeared in June 2009. The story is very feasible as malware indeed made the . It generated a flurry of media attention after it was . The US Department of Homeland Security National Cyber Security Division (NCSD) operates the Control System Security Program (CSSP). Thanks to the malware's sophisticated and extremely aggressive nature, it then began to spread to other computers. Sets of centrifuges are organized into stages that form a cascade; additional auxiliary valves control access to the stages and the cascade. . [8] Stuxnet's design and architecture are not domain-specific and it could be tailored as a platform for attacking modern SCADA and PLC systems (e.g., in factory assembly lines or power plants), most of which are in Europe, Japan, and the United States. [110], According to The Washington Post, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) cameras installed in the Natanz facility recorded the sudden dismantling and removal of approximately 9001,000 centrifuges during the time the Stuxnet worm was reportedly active at the plant. [148] An article in The New York Times in January 2009 credited a then-unspecified program with preventing an Israeli military attack on Iran where some of the efforts focused on ways to destabilize the centrifuges. [45], The second variant, with substantial improvements, appeared in March 2010, apparently because its authors believed that Stuxnet was not spreading fast enough; a third, with minor improvements, appeared in April 2010. As noted, Natanz was air-gapped, and it's not clear how Stuxnet got out. [131][92] Yossi Melman, who covers intelligence for Israeli newspaper Haaretz and wrote a book about Israeli intelligence, also suspected that Israel was involved, noting that Meir Dagan, the former (up until 2011) head of the national intelligence agency Mossad, had his term extended in 2009 because he was said to be involved in important projects. They would be arranged in eight arrays and that there would be 168 centrifuges in each array. The computer virus, apparently developed in Israel with the help of the CIA, was launched in 2009. The first-of-its-kind virus, designed to sabotage Iran's nuclear program, effectively launched the era of digital warfare and was unleashed some time in 2007, after Iran began installing its. The. The leading force behind Stuxnet is the cyber superpower there is only one; and that's the United States. [122] On 11 January 2012, a Director of the Natanz nuclear enrichment facility, Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan, was killed in an attack quite similar to the one that killed Shahriari. [174], If the country targeted with such a cybersecurity attack were India or Pakistan, the resulting nuclear war would likely produce a nuclear autumn during which roughly a quarter of humanity, most of whom were not directly impacted by nuclear explosions, could starve to death if they did not die of something else sooner. The Laboratory of Cryptography and System Security (CrySyS) of the Budapest University of Technology and Economics analyzed the malware, naming the threat Duqu. [47], In 2015, Kaspersky Lab noted that the Equation Group had used two of the same zero-day attacks prior to their use in Stuxnet, in another malware called fanny.bmp. Israel has allegedly used four different tactics: Cyberattacks: In 2010, Iran reported that the Stuxnet computer virus destroyed hundreds of centrifuges used to enrich uranium at the Natanz nuclear enrichment facility. Other experts believe that a US-Israel cooperation is unlikely because "the level of trust between the two countries' intelligence and military establishments is not high. Fortunately, the zero-day vulnerabilities Stuxnet originally exploited have long been patched. Stuxnet es un gusano informtico que afecta a equipos con Windows, descubierto en junio de 2010 por VirusBlokAda, una empresa de seguridad ubicada en Bielorrusia. Besides the aforementioned Alex Gibney documentary Zero Days (2016), which looks into the malware and the cyberwarfare surrounding it, other works which reference Stuxnet include: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. [124][125][126], European and US officials, along with private experts told Reuters that Iranian engineers were successful in neutralizing and purging Stuxnet from their country's nuclear machinery. Will Trump Finally Deliver? The United States 9/11 Commission has said that nuclear power plants were potential targets originally considered for the September 11, 2001 attacks. [107] The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) suggests, in a report published in December 2010, that Stuxnet is a reasonable explanation for the apparent damage[108] at Natanz, and may have destroyed up to 1,000 centrifuges (10 percent) sometime between November 2009 and late January 2010. [139][62], Some have also cited several clues in the code such as a concealed reference to the word MYRTUS, believed to refer to the Latin name myrtus of the Myrtle tree, which in Hebrew is called hadassah. 2011 The Duqu worm is discovered. The story of the Stuxnet worm made a lot of headlines a year ago and gave information security folks chills. Are we already in the midst of what Gibney calls 'World War 3.0'? [66][67][68] The number of zero-day exploits used is unusual, as they are highly valued and malware creators do not typically make use of (and thus simultaneously make visible) four different zero-day exploits in the same worm. ", "Obama Order Sped Up Wave of Cyberattacks Against Iran", "Stuxnet attackers used 4 Windows zero-day exploits", Stuxnet Worm Impact on Industrial Cyber-Physical System Security, "The Stuxnet Attack on Iran's Nuclear Plant Was 'Far More Dangerous' Than Previously Thought", "Sheep dip your removable storage devices to reduce the threat of cyber attacks", "Exploring Stuxnet's PLC Infection Process", "Siemens: Stuxnet worm hit industrial systems", "Last-minute paper: An indepth look into Stuxnet", "Stuxnet worm hits Iran nuclear plant staff computers", "Stuxnet Introduces the First Known Rootkit for Industrial Control Systems", "Iran's Nuclear Agency Trying to Stop Computer Worm", "How Stuxnet Is Rewriting the Cyberterrorism Playbook", "Stuxnet Virus Targets and Spread Revealed", "Stuxnet worm 'targeted high-value Iranian assets', "Stuxnet virus: worm 'could be aimed at high-profile Iranian targets', "Update 2-Cyber attack appears to target Iran-tech firms", "Iran Confirms Stuxnet Worm Halted Centrifuges", "In a Computer Worm, a Possible Biblical Clue", "Software smart bomb fired at Iranian nuclear plant: Experts", "Kaspersky Lab provides its insights on Stuxnet worm", "Stuxnet Questions and Answers F-Secure Weblog", "Cracking the code: Defending against the superweapons of the 21st century cyberwar", "Israel video shows Stuxnet as one of its successes", "Thunderstruck! If a cybersecurity attack on any nuclear-weapon state does what the U.S. and Israel reportedly did to Iran with Stuxnet, it could convince the leaders of that country that they were being attacked with nuclear weapons when they weren't. This too is unusual for malware and is a sign of the level of sophistication involved in its creation. However, it didn't cause much damage to external devices outside of the original target areas. Although it wasn't clear that such a cyberattack on physical infrastructure was even possible, there was a dramatic meeting in the White House Situation Room late in the Bush presidency during which pieces of a destroyed test centrifuge were spread out on a conference table. New York Times, 4 September 2019 (updated 6 September 2019), Industrial Control Systems Cyber Emergency Response Team, Satellite Imagery of the Natanz Enrichment Facility, Institute for Science and International Security, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack, "Confirmed: US and Israel created Stuxnet, lost control of it", "Stuxnet was work of U.S. and Israeli experts, officials say", "The Secret History of the Push to Strike Iran Hawks in Israel and America Have Spent More than a Decade Agitating for War Against the Islamic Republics Nuclear Program. Several other worms with infection capabilities similar to Stuxnet, including those dubbed Duqu and Flame, have been identified in the wild, although their purposes are quite different from Stuxnet's. "You can read the International Atomic Energy Associations documentation online about how to inspect a uranium enrichment facility, and in that documentation they specify exactly what you would see in the uranium facilityhow many frequency converters there will be, how many centrifuges there would be. In that piece, Kim Zetter claimed that Stuxnet's "costbenefit ratio is still in question. Joint effort and other states and targets, Targeting military command, control, communications and intelligence. In 2014, Korea Hydro and Nuclear Power in South Korea suffered a cybersecurity incident that was blamed on their neighbors to the north. Hadassah was the birth name of the former Jewish queen of Persia, Queen Esther. With the development of digital instrumentation and control (I&C) devices, cyber security at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has become a hot issue. Majid Shahriari, a quantum physicist was killed. [38][39] The original name given by VirusBlokAda was "Rootkit.Tmphider;"[40] Symantec however called it "W32.Temphid," later changing to "W32.Stuxnet. Security experts are aware of the possibility that hackers could cause serious problems to these critical infrastructures worldwide, for this reason, several governments already launched internal assessments of their infrastructure. 177 But, . [20] According to analysts, such as David Albright, Western intelligence agencies had been attempting to sabotage the Iranian nuclear program for some time. [112], The Associated Press reported that the semi-official Iranian Students News Agency released a statement on 24 September 2010 stating that experts from the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran met in the previous week to discuss how Stuxnet could be removed from their systems. This computer worm is designed to transfer data about production lines from our industrial plants to locations outside Iran. Stuxnet targeted PLCs for centrifuges in a nuclear fuel refinement system. Siemens recommends contacting customer support if an infection is detected and advises installing Microsoft updates for security vulnerabilities and prohibiting the use of third-party USB flash drives. [65] The worm then uses other exploits and techniques such as peer-to-peer remote procedure call (RPC) to infect and update other computers inside private networks that are not directly connected to the Internet. The on-site security expert, unable to figure out the cause, contacted a friend of his, a Belarusian named Sergey Ulasen who was working for the antivirus vendor VirusBlokAda. [88] The layers include policies and procedures, awareness and training, network segmentation, access control measures, physical security measures, system hardening, e.g., patch management, and system monitoring, anti-virus and intrusion prevention system (IPS). [171], In May 2012, the new malware "Flame" was found, thought to be related to Stuxnet. Hayden said, "There are those out there who can take a look at this and maybe even attempt to turn it to their own purposes". Experts believe that Israel also somehow acquired P-1s and tested Stuxnet on the centrifuges, installed at the Dimona facility that is part of its own nuclear program. "[31], In May 2011, the PBS program Need To Know cited a statement by Gary Samore, White House Coordinator for Arms Control and Weapons of Mass Destruction, in which he said, "we're glad they [the Iranians] are having trouble with their centrifuge machine and that we the U.S. and its allies are doing everything we can to make sure that we complicate matters for them," offering "winking acknowledgement" of United States involvement in Stuxnet. Stuxnet was designed to destroy the centrifuges Iran was using to enrich uranium as part of its nuclear program. It was designed to specifically to sabotage centrifuges in the Iranian nuclear facility of Natanz. [122] In January 2010, another Iranian nuclear scientist, a physics professor at Tehran University, was killed in a similar bomb explosion. [94], Ralph Langner, the researcher who identified that Stuxnet infected PLCs,[22] first speculated publicly in September 2010 that the malware was of Israeli origin, and that it targeted Iranian nuclear facilities. In the same report, Sean McGurk, a former cybersecurity official at the Department of Homeland Security noted that the Stuxnet source code could now be downloaded online and modified to be directed at new target systems. [161], The United Kingdom has denied involvement in the worm's creation. [173], Former U.S. Secretary of Defense William J. Perry and Tom Z. Collina, Director of Policy at the Ploughshares Fund, wrote that there are thousand and maybe millions of attacks each day on the U.S. military's use of the internet and similar DoD-only communications. It's now widely accepted that Stuxnet was created by the intelligence agencies of the United States and Israel. "[120][121], On the same day two Iranian nuclear scientists were targeted in separate, but nearly simultaneous car bomb attacks near Shahid Beheshti University in Tehran. It allows the user to get into the computer network connected by the Internet. [10] Targeting industrial control systems, the worm infected over 200,000 computers and caused 1,000 machines to physically degrade. On 26. James Ball. Additionally, the code of Stuxnet is available on the internet, making it an open source cyber weapon potentially capable of attacking power grids, nuclear plants, or other infrastructure if the source code is accurately altered. [46][66] The driver signing helped it install kernel mode rootkit drivers successfully without users being notified, and thus it remained undetected for a relatively long period of time. Once in control of the PLCs, Stuxnet varied the rotation speeds of the centrifuges while they were in operation in a way that damaged them and left them inoperable in short order. The reactor building of Iran's Bushehr nuclear power plant, pictured here on Aug. 20, is located about 750 miles south of Tehran. According to the computer scientist, he received a message a few years ago from a friend who worked at a Russian nuclear power plant in which the source claimed "their internet network [was] badly infected by Stuxnet. In the age of technology, modern warfare will increasingly rely on cyber weapons like Stuxnet to weaken enemy resources. "[39], A Wired magazine article about US General Keith B. Alexander stated: "And he and his cyber warriors have already launched their first attack. Langer determined that Stuxnet was specifically designed to target Iranian centrifuges and had most likely been created by a government with significant resources. [2] Although neither country has openly admitted responsibility, the worm is widely understood to be a cyberweapon built jointly by the United States and Israel in a collaborative effort known as Operation Olympic Games. [163], In July 2013, Edward Snowden claimed that Stuxnet was cooperatively developed by the United States and Israel. Josh Fruhlinger is a writer and editor who lives in Los Angeles. An interior view of the Bushehr nuclear power plant, some 1,200 km (746 miles) south of Tehran October 26, 2010. . [103][104] A "serious nuclear accident" (supposedly the shutdown of some of its centrifuges[105]) occurred at the site in the first half of 2009, which is speculated to have forced Gholam Reza Aghazadeh, the head of the Atomic Energy Organization of Iran (AEOI), to resign. recommend starting with a risk analysis and a control system security assessment. Ulasen was at a wedding reception, but spent the evening on the phone with his Iranian friend trying to figure out the cause of the problem. [164], According to a report by Reuters, the NSA also tried to sabotage North Korea's nuclear program using a version of Stuxnet. In July 2008, INL and Siemens publicly announced flaws in the control system at a Chicago conference; Stuxnet exploited these holes in 2009. ", "Satellite Imagery of the Natanz Enrichment Facility", "Computer virus in Iran actually targeted larger nuclear facility", "Iranian Nuclear Program Plagued by Technical Difficulties", "Iran pauses uranium enrichment at Natanz nuclear plant", "The Stuxnet worm: A cyber-missile aimed at Iran? nuclear power plants, that happened in Ukraine in 2022. Stuxnet, which targeted nuclear power plants in Iran, is still the most widely publicized threat against such systems. Prevention of control system security incidents,[82] such as from viral infections like Stuxnet, is a topic that is being addressed in both the public and the private sector. For instance, he says, "it was pretty obvious from the first time we analyzed this app that it was looking for some Siemens equipment." Get The Thoughty2 Book: http://bit.ly/thoughtybookJOIN The PRIVATE Thoughty2 Club & Get Exclusive Perks! "[62] While the worm is promiscuous, it makes itself inert if Siemens software is not found on infected computers, and contains safeguards to prevent each infected computer from spreading the worm to more than three others, and to erase itself on 24 June 2012.[39]. [62], Several industry organizations[84][85] and professional societies[86][87] have published standards and best practice guidelines providing direction and guidance for control system end-users on how to establish a control system security management program. [68][39], According to researcher Ralph Langner,[73][74] once installed on a Windows system, Stuxnet infects project files belonging to Siemens' WinCC/PCS 7 SCADA control software[75] (Step7), and subverts a key communication library of WinCC called s7otbxdx.dll. These centrifuges are extremely delicate, and it's not uncommon for them to become damaged in the course of normal operation. [108], The Institute for Science and International Security (ISIS) report further notes that Iranian authorities have attempted to conceal the breakdown by installing new centrifuges on a large scale. [68], There has also been testimony on the involvement of the United States and its collaboration with Israel,[145][146] with one report stating that "there is vanishingly little doubt that [it] played a role in creating the worm. The exfiltrated data may be used to enable a future Stuxnet-like attack. It is not clear whether this attack attempt was successful, but it being followed by a different, simpler and more conventional attack is indicative. (The code for one driver, a very small part of the overall package, has been reconstructed via reverse engineering, but that's not the same as having the original code.). . 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